Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving in existence, made by Nicéphore Niépce in 1825 by the heliography process. The image is of a 17th century Flemish engraving showing a man leading a horse.

View from the Window at Le Gras (1826), Nicéphore Niépce. Generally considered the earliest surviving stabilized photograph of a scene from nature taken with a camera obscura.

A photograph or photo is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a CCD or a CMOS chip. Most photographs are created using a camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would see. The process and practice of creating photographs is called photography. The word "photograph" was coined in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is based on the Greek φῶς (phos), meaning "light", and γραφή (graphê), meaning "drawing, writing", together meaning "drawing with light".^[1]

History[link]

The first permanent photograph was made in 1822^[2] by a French inventor, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, building on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): that a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. Niépce and Louis Daguerre refined this process. Daguerre discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapor, before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image; bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. These ideas led to the famous daguerreotype.

The daguerreotype had its problems, notably the fragility of the resulting picture, and that it was a positive-only process and thus could not be re-printed. Inventors set about looking for improved processes that would be more practical. Several processes were introduced and used for a short time between Niépce's first image and the introduction of the collodion process in 1848. Collodion-based wet-glass plate negatives with prints made on albumen paper remained the preferred photographic method for some time, even after the introduction of the even more practical gelatin process in 1871. Adaptations of the gelatin process have remained the primary black-and-white photographic process to this day, differing primarily in the film material itself, originally glass and then a variety of flexible films.

Color photography is almost as old as black-and-white, with early experiments dating to John Herschel's experiments with Anthotype from 1842, and Lippmann plate from 1891. Color photography became much more popular with the introduction of Autochrome Lumière in 1903, which was replaced by Kodachrome, Ilfochrome and similar processes. For many years these processes were used almost exclusively for transparencies (in slide projectors and similar devices), but color prints became popular with the introduction of the Chromogenic negative, which is the most-used system in the C-41 process. The needs of the movie industry have also introduced a host of special-purpose systems, perhaps the best-known being the now rare Technicolor.

Types of photographs[link]

Non-digital photographs are produced with a two-step chemical process. In the two-step process the light-sensitive film captures a negative image (colors and lights/darks are inverted). To produce a positive image, the negative is most commonly transferred ('printed') onto photographic paper. Printing the negative onto transparent film stock is used to manufacture motion picture films.

Alternatively, the film is processed to invert the negative image, yielding positive transparencies. Such positive images are usually mounted in frames, called slides. Before recent advances in digital photography, transparencies were widely used by professionals because of their sharpness and accuracy of color rendition. Most photographs published in magazines were taken on color transparency film.

Originally all photographs were monochromatic, or hand-painted in color. Although methods for developing color photos were available as early as 1861, they did not become widely available until the 1940s or 50s, and even so, until the 1960s most photographs were taken in black and white. Since then, color photography has dominated popular photography, although black and white is still used, being easier to develop than color.

Panoramic format images can be taken with cameras like the Hasselblad Xpan on standard film. Since the 1990s, panoramic photos have been available on the Advanced Photo System film. APS was developed by several of the major film manufacturers to provide a film with different formats and computerized options available, though APS panoramas were created using a mask in panorama-capable cameras, far less desirable than a true panoramic camera, which achieves its effect through a wider film format. APS has become less popular and is being discontinued.

The advent of the microcomputer and digital photography has led to the rise of digital prints. These prints are created from stored graphic formats such as JPEG, TIFF, and RAW. The types of printers used include inkjet printers, dye-sublimation printer, laser printers, and thermal printers. Inkjet prints are sometimes given the coined name "Giclée".

The web has been a popular medium for storing and sharing photos ever since the first photograph was published on the web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1992 (an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes). Today popular sites such as Flickr, Picasa and PhotoBucket are used by millions of people to share their pictures.

Preservation[link]

Paper folders[link]

Ideal photograph storage involves placing each photo in an individual folder constructed from buffered, or acid-free paper.^[3] Buffered paper folders are especially recommended in cases when a photograph was previously mounted onto poor quality material or using an adhesive that will lead to even more acid creation.^[4] Store photographs measuring 8x10 inches or smaller vertically along the longer edge of the photo in the buffered paper folder, within a larger archival box, and label each folder with relevant information to identify it. The rigid nature of the folder protects the photo from slumping or creasing, as long as the box is not packed too tightly or under filled. Folder larger photos or brittle photos stacked flat within archival boxes with other materials of comparable size.^[5]

Polyester enclosures[link]

The most stable of plastics used in photo preservation, polyester, does not generate any harmful chemical elements, but nor does it have any capability to absorb acids generated by the photograph itself. Polyester sleeves and encapsulation have been praised for their ability to protect the photograph from humidity and environmental pollution, slowing the reaction between the item and the atmosphere. This is true, however the polyester just as frequently traps these elements next to the material it is intended to protect. This is especially risky in a storage environment that experiences drastic fluctuations in humidity or temperature, leading to ferrotyping, or sticking of the photograph to the plastic.^[6] Photographs sleeved or encapsulated in polyester cannot be stored vertically in boxes because they will slide down next to each other within the box, bending and folding, nor can the archivist write directly onto the polyester to identify the photograph. Therefore, it is necessary to either stack polyester protected photographs horizontally within a box, or bind them in a three ring binder. Stacking the photos horizontally within a flat box will greatly reduce ease of access, and binders leave three sides of the photo exposed to the effects of light^[7] and do not support the photograph evenly on both sides, leading to slumping and bending within the binder. The plastic used for enclosures has been manufactured to be as frictionless as possible to prevent scratching photos during insertion to the sleeves. Unfortunately, the slippery nature of the enclosure generates a build-up of static electricity, which attracts dust and lint particles. The static can attract the dust to the inside of the sleeve, as well, where it can scratch the photograph.^[8] Likewise, these components that aid in insertion of the photo, referred to as slip agents, can break down and transfer from the plastic to the photograph, where they deposit as an oily film, attracting further lint and dust. At this time, there is no test to evaluate the long-term effects of these components on photographs. In addition, the plastic sleeves can develop kinks or creases in the surface, which will scratch away at the emulsion during handling.^[9]

Handling and care[link]

It is best to leave photographs lying flat on the table when viewing them. Do not pick it up from a corner, or even from two sides and hold it at eye level. Every time the photograph bends, even a little, this can break down the emulsion.^[10] The very nature of enclosing a photograph in plastic encourages users to pick it up; users tend to handle plastic enclosed photographs less gently than non-enclosed photographs, simply because they feel the plastic enclosure makes the photo impervious to all mishandling. As long as a photo is in its folder, there is no need to touch it; simply remove the folder from the box, lay it flat on the table, and open the folder. If for some reason the researcher or archivist does need to handle the actual photo, perhaps to examine the verso for writing, he or she can use gloves if there appears to be a risk from oils or dirt on the hands.

Myths and beliefs[link]

Since daguerreotypes were rendered on a mirrored surface, many spiritualists also became practitioners of the new art form. Spiritualists would claim that the human image on the mirrored surface was akin to looking into one's soul. The spiritualists also believed that it would open their souls and let demons in. Aborigines believed that taking one's picture took part of one's soul away.^{[citation needed]}

See also aniconism.

Legal issues[link]

Laws on child pornography, extreme pornography, etc. often restrict photographs and films even more than the depicted acts: photographs and films of legal acts may be illegal.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Photographs

Look up photograph in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Archival science
• Digital photography
• Largest photographs in the world
• Photo slideshow
• Photograph stability
• Photographic printing
• Pseudo-photograph
• Director of Photography
• View from the Window at Le Gras
• Hand-coloring of photographs

References[link]

Look up story or stories in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Story or Stories may refer to:

• Story, a recounting of a sequence of events
• Narrative
• Story (surname)
• Story, or storey, a floor or level of a building
• Stories, colloquial, US American expression for soap operas

Media[link]

• Story (magazine), an American literary magazine published 1931–1961 and 1989–2000
• The Story with Dick Gordon, a radio interview program that debuted in 2006
• Story, one of the main characters in the 2006 film Lady in the Water
• Story: Substance, Structure, Style and the Principles of Screenwriting, a screenwriting guide by Robert McKee.

Music[link]

Artists

• The Story (UK band), an English psych-folk band 2002-present
• Stories (band), an early 1970s American rock group
• The Story (band), an early 1990s folk-rock duo

Albums

• Story (Amorphis album), compilation, 2000
• The Story (Brandi Carlile album), 2007
• Story (Eric Clapton album), compilation, 1991
• A Story, 1997 album by Yoko Ono, recorded in 1974
• Stories (Mayumi Iizuka album), 2008
• Stories (Addison Road album), 2010
• Stories (Gloria Gaynor album), 1980
• Stories (A Narada Artist Collection), 1998 compilation
• Stories (Randy Stonehill album), compilation
• The Story, 2006 album by Bizzy Bone
• Story, 1970 album by Honeybus

Songs

• "The Story" (song), 2007, by Brandi Carlile from her album The Story
• "Story" (Leddra Chapman song), 2009 single
• "Stories" (Boney M. song), 1990 single
• "Stories" (Therapy? song), 1995 single
• "Stories", a song from Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas
• "The Story", song by 30 Seconds to Mars from their album A Beautiful Lie
• "Story", B-side of the "Makes Me Wonder" single by Maroon 5

People with given name Story[link]

• Story Musgrave (born 1935), American doctor and astronaut
• Story Tweedie-Yates (born 1983), professional American tennis player

Places[link]

• Story, Indiana, United States
• Story, Wyoming, United States
• Story City, Iowa, United States
• Story County, Iowa, United States
• Fort Story, a sub-installation of the United States Navy and Little Creek Amphibious Base
• Story, Arkansas, United States

See also[link]

Wikiversity has learning materials about Story

• Storey (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

Todd Heisler (born 1972) is an American photojournalist. He is currently a staff photographer for the New York Times. In September 2010, he won an Emmy as a member of the New York Times "One in 8 Million" team [3].

While at the Rocky Mountain News, Heisler was awarded the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for "Final Salute," a series of photographs, taken over the course of a year, profiling the funerals of Marines who died in the war and the work of then Major Steve Beck, who is responsible for notifying the family members of the Marine's death. The award citation referred to Heisler's work as a "haunting, behind-the-scenes look" at the funerals. Heisler won the prize the same year as fellow Rocky Mountain News reporter Jim Sheeler, who won a 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing, covered Major Beck, the Marine Honor Guard, and the families for nearly a year. Images from "Final Salute" project were published by Time, Paris Match, Stern, the Sunday Times, Communication Arts, and other publications in addition to the Rocky Mountain News.

Images from "Final Salute" also won first prize in the "People in the News" category at the World Press Photo awards,^[1] first place in newspaper feature photography for the National Headliner Awards^[2] and the American Society of Newspaper Editors Award for the "Community Service Photojournalism" category.^[3] Heisler also has won honors from Visa Pour L'Image,^[4] and first prize in the National Press Photographers Association's Best of Photojournalism award for best published picture story in a publication over 115,000 circulation,^[5] as well as both first and second place in general news reporting in a newspaper from Pictures of the Year International,^[6] the Lead Award for "Photo of the Year,"^[7] and first prize for "People in the News" of the China International Press Photo Contest.^[8] Heisler also judged for the 2006 Atlanta Photojournalism Seminar.^[9]

Todd Heisler was also a member of the Rocky Mountain News team that won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for its coverage of wildfire season in Colorado.

Notes[link]

Helen Mary Jones (born 24 December 1954) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Warrington North since 1997. Andrew Roth of the Guardian describes her as an: "intelligent, battle hardened leftwing solicitor built into the Labour machine"^[2] She was Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 2009 to 2010.

Early life[link]

Jones was born and brought up in Chester, the daughter of the late Robert Edward Jones and the late Mary Scanlan.^[3]

Jones was educated at St Werburgh's Primary School and Ursuline Convent in Chester. She graduated with a BA from University College London and a MEd from the University of Liverpool. She also holds qualifications from the former Chester College and Manchester Metropolitan University.

Before entering Parliament, Jones had an established political career as a local councillor, serving on Chester City Council from 1984-1991. She was unsuccessful in her initial attempts to move beyond local government, contesting the Lancashire Central constituency at the 1984 European Parliament election, and North Shropshire and Ellesmere Port and Neston at the 1983 and 1987 general elections. However, in 1997, she was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the 'safe' Labour seat of Warrington North and the subsequent general election saw her win the seat with 62.1% of the vote. This had shrunk to 53.5% in the 2005 election and shrunk again to 45.5% in the 2010 election.

Alongside her political career, Jones has been employed as an English teacher, a solicitor, a development officer with the mental health charity MIND and a justice and peace officer with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool.

Parliamentary career[link]

Jones served as a member of the House of Commons select committees on Catering (1997–98), Public Administration (1998–2000) and Education and Employment (1999–2001 and 2003-). She also served on the Standing Orders Committee (1999-) and the Unopposed Bills (Panel) (1999-). She was also a member of Labour Party backbench committees on Home Affairs (2002-), Education and Employment (1997–2001), Health (1997–2001) and International Development (1997–2001). She served on the all-party groups on Child Abduction (1999–2002) and CAFOD (2003-). From June 2007 to October 2008, she served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Dawn Primarolo MP, Minister of State for Health.

In March 2007, Jones praised Gordon Brown's controversial budget, following his promise of increased spending in education. She believed the measures would benefit around 4,200 families and 7,300 children in her constituency. At the same time, she attacked Conservative Party leader David Cameron, stating that Gordon Brown "commanded the Commons, in stark contrast to David Cameron, who was lightweight." ^[4]

2008 reshuffle[link]

In the cabinet reshuffle of October 2008, Helen Jones was promoted to a junior Government role in the position of Assistant Government Whip.^[5] The following day, local newspaper Warrington Guardian reported that Gordon Brown had telephoned her on Sunday, October 5 to offer her the post.^[6]

The following day, the Daily Mail reported that the reshuffle had seen a "squad of Gordon Brown's political hitmen" ^[7] move into the Whips office (one of whom was Jones). In the June 2009 reshuffle Jones was promoted further, becoming Vice-Chamberlain of the Household, one of the Government's more senior whipping roles.

Work in Warrington North[link]

Helen Jones lives in Warrington North with her family, in the village of Culcheth, and employs her husband her as parliamentary assistant.^[8]

In early 2007, Jones slammed Scottish Power Manweb for its treatment of bereaved relatives of dead customers when the company continued to send bills to a deceased relative's home. She stated in the Commons that "Scottish Power Manweb's policy is a blatant attempt to obtain money for electricity which has not been used." ^[9]

In the latter part of 2007, Jones backed the campaign to save Woolston High School, after Warrington Borough Council announced plans to close the Warrington North school.

Helen Jones has engaged in a fierce war of words with Warrington Borough Council on numerous occasions, beginning when she obtained emails that revealed the council's Chief Executive had explored the possibility of legal action against her following an Adjournment Debate in the Commons (where Jones had accused the council of failing to answer her letters on concerns raised by Warrington North constituents). Helen condemned the council's threat as a "waste of time and money", reminding them that any comments made in the House enjoy legal protection. She claimed that the council's threat to sue her for defamation "raised questions about the competence" of council officers.^[10]

Jones responded to the threat in the Liverpool Daily Post by stating: "Maybe they think it will shut me up – but it won’t. I will continue to speak up for my constituents." ^[10]

In the same year, Jones made local headlines when she posed with a cardboard cut out of the council's Chief Executive in protest at her alleged failure to tackle important community issues, including anti-social behaviour in the Orford area.^[10] She accused the council of "showing disrespect" to people in the north of the town and told the Warrington Guardian at the time that: "Our Chief Executive appears to have gone missing." ^[11]

In June 2008, Warrington's first energy-saving wind turbine was launched at the headquarters of the North West Regional Development Agency in the town. Helen Jones joined the NWDA's Chief Executive, Steven Broomhead, and local media to officially launch the turbine.^[12]

Voting record[link]

How Helen Jones voted on key issues since 2001 (They Work For You):

• Voted for introducing a smoking ban.
• Voted for introducing ID cards.
• Voted against introducing foundation hospitals.
• Voted against introducing student top-up fees.
• Voted for Labour's anti-terrorism laws.
• Voted for the Iraq war.
• Voted against investigating the Iraq war.
• Voted for replacing Trident.
• Voted for the hunting ban.
• Voted for equal gay rights.
• Voted for Digital Economy Bill

Personal life[link]

She married Michael Vobe on July 23, 1988 in Cheshire and has one son, born June 1989.

External links[link]

• ePolitix - Helen Jones official site
• Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Helen Jones MP
• TheyWorkForYou.com - Helen Jones MP
• BBC Politics page

News items[link]

• Criticising ambulance service in November 2003

References[link]